数字时代的资本主义、父权制、奴隶制与种族主义

　　五、结论

　　本文研究了数字时代资本主义、父权制和种族主义之间的联系。资本主义本质上是家长制和种族主义，它利用意识形态和歧视来深化剥削和统治。无偿劳动并非没有生产力，而是构成了一种被过度剥削的生产性劳动形式，它可以在不支付工资的情况下产生剩余价值。基于罗迪格的观点，我们可以说，种族主义、民族主义、性别歧视和其他意识形态可以创造经济、政治和文化上的盈余，我们可称之为“工资”，或者更确切地说，为占主导地位的群体创造出布迪厄式的经济、政治和文化资本。

　　作者采用杰瑞特关于数字家务劳动者的概念，是为了展示奴役劳动、再生产劳动和脸书劳动这三种无偿劳动形式之间的共性和差异。这三种劳动形式也与雇佣劳动进行了比较。结合数字家庭手工工人的概念与米汉的受众商品的性别化这一概念，本文阐释了脸书的数据商品既是性别化的也是种族化的。这表明数字资本主义父权制将性别歧视工具化了，由此构建他们的逻辑算法。这种算法根据劳动力的价格确定网络商品的价格，而单位小时劳动力的价格是基于性别和劳动者所处的国家。

　　资本主义需要以罗莎·卢森堡(Rosa Luxemburg)所描述的原始积累为条件才能生存。这一条件是由各种形式的无偿劳动构成的。传统上，家务劳动是一种剥削的形式，维持了资本主义和雇佣劳动。家务劳动意味着“对无薪劳动者的过度剥削……在此基础上才有可能产生对雇佣劳动的剥削”，因为它涉及到“成本的外部化，或域外化否则就必须由资本家来支付”。81家务劳动化意味着过度剥削和无报酬的劳动延伸到家务以外的领域，因此那些受波及的工作或劳动其转变方式与家务劳动的情况有一些相似之处。家庭主妇化的劳动“具有家务劳动的特点”。82

　　脸书平台的劳动力就像无偿实习一样，像主妇化的不稳定劳动力所从事的劳动一样。无偿劳动形式与雇佣劳动的剥削是不同的，因为它们形成了原始积累的过度剥削的环境。今天，怎样才能更好地宣传无偿劳动，以便抵抗和克服它呢?所有的劳动力都是基于一定程度的剩余劳动力。对于不计薪劳动来说，剩余劳动时间被延长到最大限度。全民基本收入保障由资本税提供资金，这种保障是一种进步的需求，它建立在家务劳动也需要获得工资这一诉求之上，并延伸了这一需求。在像美国这样的发达国家，劳动力的有机构成大约是5.8，这表明了在资本主义中无偿劳动时间的重要作用。社会主义全民基本收入并非旨在改革或改善资本主义，而是为人类超越资本主义提供自治的空间和时间，从而奠定超越资本逻辑的思想、生活、生产、消费和使用存在的基础。

表6.四种劳动的特点

　　注释

　　* 原文出自Christian Fuchs, Capitalism, Patriarchy, Slavery,and Racism in the Age of Digital Capitalism and Digital Labour,Critical Sociology, vol. 44, no. 4-5, 2018, pp. 677-702，经授权发表。本文校者为中国社会科学院哲学研究所周穗明研究员。

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　　3 来源http://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/race-and-ethnicity/archive/laborforce-characteristics-by-race-and-ethnicity-2014.pdf(查询时间2016年12月25日)，具体见此文献中的表4。

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　　7 Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James,The Power of Women and the Subversion of Community, 2nd edn, Bristol:Falling Wall Press, 1973, p. 6.

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　　41 一种相对现代的种族主义形式，认为种族之间不可逾越的差异主要不是生理上的，而是文化上的。——译者注

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　　来源：《国外社会科学前沿》2020年09期

　　作者：克里斯蒂安·富克斯

　　译者：王珍作者简介：克里斯蒂安·富克斯(Christian Fuchs),英国威斯敏斯特大学传播与媒体研究所所长、教授; 王珍(1980—),中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院助理研究员(北京100732);