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社会建设的方向是“人民社会”而不是“公民社会”

2014-11-29 23:31| 发布者: 龙翔五洲| 查看: 3853| 评论: 4|原作者: 王绍光|来自: 开放时代

摘要: 本文对风行一时的公民社会理论提出批评,指出有关公民社会的种种说辞存在两个基本问题。一是“名不正,言不顺”;二是“名实不符”。公民社会不应是中国社会建设的方向,真正值得中国人追求的是构筑一个以劳动大众为主体的政治共同体——人民社会。

  四、结语

  如何进行社会重建?现在有一套来自西方的学界主流话语,也就是所谓“公民社会”的话语。这套话语在社会学、社会工作、政治学领域非常时髦,几乎占据主导地位。我们认为,在社会主义中国,社会重建的目标只能是人民社会,即“六亿神州尽舜尧”的社会。“公民社会”与“人民社会”只有一字之差,但两种思路提供的是看待社会的不同视角与不同评判标准。

  公民社会的视角是聚焦社会的一小部分,即据说具有组织性、非营利性、自愿性、民间性、自治性的会社。换句话说,公民社会关注的不是“社会”,而是“会社”,而后者只是前者的很小很小一部分,是精英分子独占的空间。其实,不少公民社会推动者的视野更窄,他们只关注非政府组织中那些敢于向政府叫板的倡导性团体,好像只有它们才是社会中唯一的健康力量。这种视野在英文中叫作“tunnel vision”,在中文中叫作坐井观天。鼓励人们参与会社活动本来是件好事,正如鼓励人们进行其他形式的互动是件好事一样,但误以为这就是社会建设的全部或最重要的部分就失之毫厘、谬以千里了。

  人民社会的视角关注的是整个社会,包括会社,但远远超出会社,它将注意力延伸至社会的方方面面,尤其是社会中人与人关系的广度、深度、密度、和谐度。人民社会的出发点是构筑一个人民的共同体,因此,只要与共同体建设相关的方面,它都会收入眼底。

  公民社会对民间组织最重要的评判标准主要是两条:非政府性(或民间性)与独立性(或自主性)。一些研究公民社会的学者成天拿着放大镜查看这个或那个组织到底是真NGO(非政府组织),还是假NGO。凡是有官方背景的组织,凡是与政府关系密切的组织,不管它们做了多少有利于社会的事情,统统打入另册,叫作GONGO,即政府主导的NGO,好像它们是假冒伪劣的赝品。反过来,凡是敢于挑战政府权威的组织,不管它们在多大程度上仰仗外国资金,不管它们是否实实在在地为本国人民做过好事,都会得到赞誉,仿佛只有它们才配得上“公民社会”的桂冠。

  在评判民间组织时,人民社会注重它们是否能为人民社会这个共同体的构筑做出贡献(如满足人们的社会交往需求,以及对公共物品的多样化需求),而不会刻意将它们与政府对立起来。建设人民社会,在教育、健康、扶贫济困、推进男女平等、缩小收入与财富差距等方面,当然需要民间组织积极发挥作用,但最终解决问题,还得靠国家政策。84人民社会需要人民政府,只要政府政策方向对头,民间组织应成为政府的伙伴,而不是对立面。如果政府政策出现偏差,民间组织应成为政府的诤友,促使政府政策向有利于广大人民群众的方向发展。

  说到底,人民社会对社会建设的评判标准只有一个,即它是否体现了以劳动大众为主体的理念。我们建设人民社会,首先要承认阶级、阶级差别。对掌握生产资料所有权的阶级,不管把它叫作资产阶级也罢,叫作管理者阶级也罢,反正他们跟普通老百姓有阶级差别。阶级之间的矛盾未必一定要表现为激烈的冲突,但是差别必须承认。处理好阶级关系、逐步缩小以致最后消除阶级差别是我们社会重建的题中应有之义。但消灭阶级不能只是空话,必须有制度保障,这就要求社会重建要从巩固社会主义经济基础入手。没有社会主义经济基础,社会主义的社会重建便无从谈起。

  公民社会貌似有一套理论,但那套理论千疮百孔,难以自圆其说。人民社会并不冒充有一套理论,它坦承只是一个理念,是社会建设的目标,是前行的方向,是衡量现实的理想标尺。其实,公民社会又何尝不是一种理念呢?只不过两种理念相比,公民社会的视野窄,人民社会的视野宽;公民社会的评判标准重形式,人民社会的评判标准重结果。孰优孰劣?高下立判。

  【注释】

  ①关于这方面的文献,参见“Civil Society: A Select Bibliography,” Democratization, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1997, pp. 161-167。

  ②关于90年代初期中国研究领域的情况,参见Frederic Wakeman Jr., “The Civil Society and Public Sphere Debate: Western Reflections on Chinese Political Culture,” Modern China, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1993, pp. 108-138。

  ③继清华大学于1998年建立全国第一个NGO研究所后,现在全国已有很多家此类研究所。

  ④实际上,从90年代中期开始,一些西方学者已经开始反思公民社会理论,如,Michael Foley & Bob Edward, “The Paradox of Civil Society,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1996, pp. 38-52; Sheri Berman, “Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic,” World Politics, Vol. 49, No. 3, 1997, pp. 401-29; Alan Wolfein, “Is Civil Society Obsolete?” Brookings Review, Fall 1997; Sidney Verba, et al., “The Big Tilt: Participatory Inequality in America,” The American Prospect, No. 32, 1997, pp. 74-80; David Rieff, “The False Dawn of Civil Society,” The Nation, February 22, 1999; Thomas Carothers, “Think Again: Civil Society,” Foreign Policy, Winter 1999-2000; Omar G. Encarnación, “Civil Society Reconsidered,” Comparative Politics, Vol. 38, No. 3, 2006, pp. 357-376; Gertrude Himmelfarb, “Civil Society Reconsidered: Little platoons are just the beginning,” The Weekly Standard, Vol. 17, No. 30, April 23, 2012。

  ⑤本文作者曾于二十年前进行过这方面的梳理,参见王绍光:《关于“市民社会”的几点思考》,载《二十一世纪》(香港)1991年12月号,第102~114页。

  ⑥如苏格兰启蒙运动思想家亚当·弗格森(Adam Ferguson, 1723~1816) 于1767年出版的 An Essay on the History of Civil Society,应该翻译为《文明社会史论》(杭州:浙江大学出版社2010年版),而不是《市民社会史》(北京:中国政法大学出版社2003年版)。

  ⑦参见Clifford Bob, “Civil and Uncivil Society,” in Michael Edwards (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Civil Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 209-219。又如,Petr Kopeck & Cas Mudde (eds.), Uncivil Society? Contentious Politics in Post-communist Europe, London: Routledge, 2003。

  ⑧《马克思恩格斯选集》第2 卷,北京:人民出版社1995 年版,第32 页。

  ⑨Michael Edwards (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Civil Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

  ⑩Lester M. Salamon, “The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 4, 1994, p. 121.

  11Lester M. Salamon & Helmut K. Anheier, “In Search of the Non-Profit Sector. I: The Question of Definitions,” Voluntas, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1992, pp. 125-151.

  12Lester M. Salamon, et al., Global Civil Society: An Overview, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Center for Civil Society Studies, 2003, pp. 7-8.

  13Theda Skocpol, “Associations Without Members,” The American Prospect, Vol. 10, No. 45, 1999, pp. 66-73.

  14Burton A. Weisbrod (ed.), To Profit or Not to Profit: The Commercial Transformation of the Nonprofit Sector, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

  15John Hawks, For A Good Cause: How Charitable Institutions Become Powerful Economic Bullies, Secaucus, NJ: A Birch Lane Press Book, 1997.

  16Nathan J. Winograd, “Shocking Photos: PETA’s Secret Slaughter of Kittens, Puppies,” April 2, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nathan-j-winograd/peta-kills-puppies-kittens_b_2979220.html.

  17Philippe C. Schmitter, “Still the Century of Corporatism?” The Review of Politics, Vol. 36, No. 1, 1974, pp. 85-131; Alan Siaroff, “Corporatism in 24 industrial democracies: Meaning and measurement,” European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 36, 1999, pp. 175-205.

  18Wolfenden Committee, The Future of Voluntary Organizations, London: Croom Helm, 1978.

  19参见维基百科 “civil society”条,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society。

  20参见中文维基百科“公民社会”条,http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E7%A4%BE%E4

  %BC%9A。

  21这些提法在国内外的文献中司空见惯,但含义不清。不过,为了避免不必要的混淆,下面的讨论会继续沿用“公民社会”的译法。

  22参见一项关于二十国民间组织的研究,王绍光:《多元与统一:第三部门国际比较研究》,杭州:浙江人民出版社1999年版。

  23王绍光:《关于“市民社会”的几点思考》,载《二十一世纪》(香港)1991年12月号,第113页。

  24虽然表1来自一份发表于1984年的论文,但后续大量研究的发现也与之吻合,如,Frank R. Baumgartner & Beth L. Leech, “Interest Niches and Policy Bandwagons: Patterns of Interest Group Involvement in National Politics,” The Journal of Politics, Vol. 63, No. 4 , 2001, pp. 1191-1213; Sidney Verba, et al., The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy, Princeton: Princeton University, 2012。

  25U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Union Members Summary,” January 23, 2013, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.nr0.htm.

  26法里德·扎卡里亚:《华盛顿的病根与晚期罗马帝国类似》,载《观察者》2013年8月4日,http://www.guancha.cn/FaLiDeZhaKaLiYa/2013_08_04_163349.shtml。

  27Partha Chatterjee, The Politics of the Governed: Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World, New York: Columbia University Press, 2004, p. 4.

  28Harold Salzman & G. William Domhoff, “Nonprofit Organizations and the Corporate Community,” Social Science History, Vol. 7, 1983, pp. 205-216; S. A. Ostrander, “Elite Domination in Private Social Agencies: How It Happens and How It is Challenged,” in G. William Domhoff & T. R. Dye (eds.), Power Elites and Organizations, Newbury Park: Sage, 1987, pp. 85-102; A. K. Daniels, Invisible Careers: Women Civic Leaders from the Volunteer World, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988; Francie Ostrower, Why the wealthy give: the culture of elite philanthropy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.

  29Manu Joseoh, “Coaxing India’s Rich to Give More,” New York Times, September 11, 2013, http://cn.nytimes.com/world/20130911/c11india/dual/.

  30见福布斯网站的介绍,http://www.forbes.com/profile/warren-buffett/。

  31Peter Buffett, “The Charitable-Industrial Complex,” New York Times, July 26, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/27/opinion/the-charitable-industrial-complex.html?_r=0.

  32它们的做法是,政府先通过税收的办法把钱收上来,然后拿出一部分用于社会事业,如从非营利组织那里购买公共服务。国内很多人鼓吹为慈善组织减税、为慈善捐款减税,这是典型的自由主义做法。减税实际上也是用政府的钱资助社会事业,但却把决定权交给了少数个人。除了以上原因以外,不主张对慈善企业减免税还有一个原因:由于我们的规管机制还不健全,一旦给慈善企业减税,假慈善组织一定会非常之多,造成大量税收流失。参见Charities Aid Foundation, “International comparisons of charitable giving,” November 2006, p. 12, http://www.cafonline.org/pdf/International%20Comparisons%20of%20Charitable%20Giving.pdf。

  33Barbara Thomas, “Development through Harambee: Who Wins and Who Loses? Rural Self-Help Projects in Kenya,” World Development, Autumn, 1987, p. 477.

  34Brian H. Smith, More than Altruism: The Politics of Private Foreign Aid, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990, p. 277.

  35以上数字来自王绍光:《金钱与自主——市民社会面临的两难境地》,载《开放时代》2002年第3期。新的数据见Lester M. Salamon, et al., Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Vol. 2,Figure 1.11 “Sources of civil society organization revenue, by country”, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004, p. 33。新数据同样支持这个判断。

  36一项对32个国家的研究发现,其中10个国家属于这种类型,见Salamon, et al., Global Civil Society: An Overview, pp. 30-31。

  37Lester M. Salamon & Helmut K. Anheier, The Emerging Nonprofit Sector: An Overview, Manchester: Manchester University Press 1996, p. 28.

  38Estelle James, “The Private Provision of Public Services: A Comparison of Sweden and Holland,” in Estelle James (ed.), The Nonprofit Sector in International Perspective: Studies in Comparative Culture and Policy, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 31-60.

  39Antonin Wagner, “The interrelationship between the public and voluntary sectors in Switzerland: Unmixing the mixed-up economy,” in B. Gidron, et al., Government and the Third Sector, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1992, p. 1115.

  40一项对32个国家的研究发现,其中22国属于这种类型,见Salamon, et al., Global Civil Society: An Overview, pp. 29-30。

  41Lester M. Salamon, “The Global Associational Revolution: The Rise of the Third Sector on the World Scene,” Institute for Policy Studies of Johns Hopkins University Occasional Paper 15, 1993.

  42Lester M. Salamon, Partners in Public Service: Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995, pp. 114-116.

  43Peter Frumkin, “Rethinking Public-Nonprofit Relations: Toward a Neo-Institutional Theory of Public Management,” PONPO Working Papers, No. 248, April 1998, Yale University, pp. 10-11.

  44Estelle James, “Why do Different Countries Use a Different Public-Private Mix in Education,” Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1993, pp. 571-592.

  45当然,政府管制的程度或许取决于融资方法。一些资金模式可能比其他的能给予政府更多的控制手段。例如,购买服务的合约往往比无条件拨款具有更大的约束力。请参阅Ralph M. Kramer, “The Use of Government Funds by Voluntary Social Service Agencies in Four Welfare States,” in Estelle James (ed.), The Nonprofit Sector in International Perspective: Studies in Comparative Culture and Policy, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 231-233。在英国,从直接拨款援助转向服务购买合约已经引发了许多抱怨,谴责英国政府削弱了非营利部门的倡导作用。

  46Lester M. Salamon, “The Nonprofit Sector at a Crossroads: The Case of America,” Voluntas, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1999, pp. 5-23; Angela M. Eikenberry & Jodie Drapal Kluver, “The Marketization of the Nonprofit Sector: Civil Society at Risk?” Public Administration Review, Vol. 64, No. 2, 2004, pp. 132-140.

  47Estelle James, “The Nonprofit Organization in International Perspective: The Case of Sri Lanka,” in Estelle James (ed.), The Nonprofit Sector in International Perspective: Studies in Comparative Culture and Policy, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 301-303.

  48南非、波兰、罗马尼亚等国出现的就是这种情况。Adam Habib & Rupert Taylor, “South Africa: Anti-Apartheid NGOs in Transition,” Voluntas, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1999, pp. 73-82; Joanna Regulska, “NGOs and Their Vulnerabilities during the Time of Transition: The Case of Poland,” Voluntas, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1999, pp. 61-71; Daniel Saulean & Carmen Epure. “Defining the Nonprofit Sector: Romania,” Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, No. 32, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Institute for Policy Studies, 1998。

  49例如,在20世纪80年代,来自斯堪的纳维亚国家、欧盟和美国基金会的资金大量流入南非,资助反种族隔离非政府组织。然而,在1994年划时代的选举之后,外国捐赠者开始把资金直接拨给政府,导致大部分非政府组织先后面临了数次财务危机。幸免于难的只有那些继续从美国官方和非官方机构获得资金的“自由”非政府组织。见Adam Habib & Rupert Taylor, “South Africa: Anti-Apartheid NGOs in Transition,” Voluntas, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1999。

  50Adam Habib & Rupert Taylor, “South Africa: Anti-Apartheid NGOs in Transition,” Voluntas, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1999.

  51Burton A. Weisbrod, “The Nonprofit Mission and Its financing: Growing Links between Nonprofits and the Rest of the Economy,” in Weisbrod, To Profit or Not to Profit: The Commercial Transformation of the Nonprofit Sector, p. 2.

  52Estelle James, “The Nonprofit Sector in Comparative Perspective,” in Walter W. Powell (ed.), The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook , New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987, p. 407.

  53最好笑的例子是一个名为“美国志愿者”(Volunteers of America)的组织,它预算收入的96%来自联邦政府。其他著名非营利组织如CARE和拯救儿童(Save the Children)也是主要靠联邦拨款维持:联邦拨款分别占它们年预算的78%和60%。见Lester M. Salamon, Partners in Public Service: Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995, p. 128。

  54Sheri Berman, “Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic,” World Politics, Vol. 49, April, 1997, pp. 401-429.

  55Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000; Theda Skocpol, Diminished Democracy: From Membership to Management in American Civic Life, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003.

  56David B. Truman, The Governmental Process: Political Interests and Public Opinion, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971.

  57汪永成等:《社会利益集团政治化趋势与政府能力建设》,载《武汉大学学报(人文科学版)》2005年 第1期; 曹培:《多元社会才是希望的土壤》,共识网,http://www.21ccom.net/articles/sxwh/shsc/article_201306168565

  2.html。

  58David B. Truman, The Governmental Process, New York: Knopf, 1951.

  59Robert A. Dahl, Preface to Democratic Theory, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956; Robert A. Dahl, Who Governs? New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961.

  60David Braybrooke & Charles E. Lindblom, A Strategy of Decision, New York: The Free Press, 1963.

  61例如Edward C. Banfield, Political Influence, New York: The Free Press, 1961; Nelson W. Polsby, Congress and the Presidency, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1964; Aaron B. Wildavsky, The Politics of the Budgetary Process, Boston: Little, Brown, 1964。

  62Elmer Eric, Schattschneider, The Semisovereign People: A Realist’s View of Democracy in America, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960; Theodore J. Lowi, “American Business, Public Policy, Case-Studies, and Political Theory,” World Politics, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1964, pp. 677-715; Theodore J. Lowi, The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of the United States, New York: Norton, 1979.

  63查尔斯·林布隆:《政策制定过程》,朱国斌译,北京:华夏出版社1988年版,第118页。该书英文第1版出版于1968年。

  64Sidney Verba, et al., Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism and American Politics, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995; Larry M. Bartels, Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008; Kay Lehman Schlozman, et al., The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012; Martin Gilens & Benjamin I. Page, “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens,” Perspectives on Politics, April 9, 2014, http://www.princeton.edu/~mgilens/Gilens%20homepage%20materials/Gilens%20and%20Page/Gilens%20and%20Page%202014-Testing%20Theories%203-7-14.pdf.

  65Ronald Dworkin, Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equality, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000, p. 1.

  66Thomas Carothers, “Think Again: Civil Society,” Foreign Policy, Winter 1999-2000, pp. 18-29.

  67M. I. Finley, Democracy: Ancient and Modern, London: Hogarth Press, 1985, pp. 12-13.

  68Giorgio Agamben, Means without End: Notes on Politics, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000, p. 30.

  69有关美国的例子可参见Rogers M. Smith, Stories of Peoplehood: The Politics and Morals of Political Memberships, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997。

  70Henrik Mouritsen, Plebs and Politics in the Late Roman Republic, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001;胡玉娟:《罗马平民起源问题初探》,载《世界历史》2001年第1期,第69~77页。

  71Agamben, Means without End: Notes on Politics, pp. 31-31.

  72汉娜·阿伦特:《论革命》,陈周旺译,南京:译林出版社2007年版,第62页。

  73毛泽东:《关于目前党的政策中的几个重要问题》(1948年1月18日),载《毛泽东选集》第4卷,北京:人民出版社1991年版,第1215页。

  74费孝通:《乡土中国》,上海人民出版社2006年版。

  75Jay Goulding, “Society,” in Maryanne Cline Horowitz(ed.), New Dictionary of the History of Ideas, Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale, 2005, pp. 2238-2241.

  76参见李猛:《“社会”的构成:自然法与现代社会理论的基础》,载《中国社会科学》2012年第10期。又见诺贝特·埃利亚斯:《文明的进程:文明的社会起源和心理起源的研究》,“序言”,上海译文出版社2009年版,第1~40页。

  77参见金观涛:《从“群”到“社会”、“社会主义”:中国近代公共领域变迁的思想史研究》,载《观念史研究:中国现代重要政治术语的形成》,北京:法律出版社2010年版,第180~225页。

  78托克维尔:《论美国的民主》下册,董果良译,北京:商务印书馆1991年版,第637页。

  79Sidney Verba, et al., Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995, p. 3.

  80罗伯特·帕特南:《使民主运转起来:现代意大利的公民传统》,王列、赖海榕译,南昌:江西人民出版社2001年版,第103页。

  81B. Erickson & T. A. Nosanchuck, “How an apolitical association politicizes,” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, Vol. 27, No. 2, 1990, pp. 206-219; M. Olsen, “Social participation and voting turnout,” American Sociological Review, Vol. 37, No. 3, 1972, pp. 317-333; D. Rogers, et al., “Voluntary association membership and political participation: An exploration of the mobilization hypothesis,” Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 3, 1975, pp. 305-318.

  82Claus Offe & Susanne Fuchs, “Decline of Social Capital: The German Case,” in Robert D. Putnam (ed.), Democracies in Flux: The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 242.

  83Marjorie K. McIntosh, “The Diversity of Social Capital in English Communities, 1300-1640 (with a Glance at Modern Nigeria),” in Robert I. Rotberg (ed.), Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Historical Perspective, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 121-152.

  84这类例子很多,如印度促进妇女权利的非政府组织也许比中国多,但中国妇女的经济、社会地位无疑比印度妇女高。美国的慈善组织特别多,但它仍然是发达国家中最不平等的国家之一。

  王绍光:香港中文大学政治与公共行政系(Wang Shaoguang, Department of Government & Public Administration, The Chinese University of Hong Kong)

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引用 响鼓岭 2014-11-30 05:08
好文章!值得细读。
引用 大黑山 2014-11-30 00:21
“人民社会”还是“公民社会”?咬文嚼字。

如果公有生产资料的主人们没有选举管理经营者的权力,就是半吊子社会主义。
引用 远航一号 2014-11-29 06:15
从理论和历史的角度相当系统地说清楚了“公民社会”这个问题,值得所有左派积极分子了解。
引用 远航一号 2014-11-29 04:47
责任编辑:远航一号

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